PFAS
Forever chemicals and links to ADHD/Autism
Did you know that chemicals found in everyday items like nonstick pans and food packaging could be affecting your brain and body? These chemicals, known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) or “forever chemicals,” persist in the environment and human bodies for decades.
Growing research suggests that PFAS exposure may be linked to ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and even higher rates of physical health problems—particularly in females.
In this post, we’ll explore what PFAS are, how they might contribute to neurodevelopmental and physical health challenges, and what you can do to protect your family.
PFAS
What Are PFAS?
PFAS are a group of over 9,000 man-made chemicals used in products for their non-stick, water-repellent, and grease-resistant properties.
They’re found in:
- Nonstick cookware (e.g., Teflon®).
- Food packaging (e.g., microwave popcorn bags).
- Outdoor clothing and shoes.
- Cosmetics and personal care products.
- Firefighting foam used in military and industrial settings.
PFAS are often called “forever chemicals” because they don’t naturally break down, accumulating in soil, water, and the human body. In fact, studies show that virtually all Americans have PFAS in their blood.
IMPACT
PFAS in the News
PFAS and ADHD
Growing evidence links PFAS exposure to symptoms of ADHD, including:
- Hyperactivity and impulsivity.
- Difficulty focusing and regulating emotions.
Key studies highlight:
- Non-linear effects: Children exposed to low to moderate levels of PFAS during early development are more likely to exhibit ADHD symptoms.
- Mechanisms: PFAS may disrupt dopamine regulation, a neurotransmitter critical for attention and behaviour.
PFAS and Autism
Emerging research suggests that PFAS exposure could also contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
- Prenatal exposure: PFAS chemicals like PFOA and PFOS have been associated with changes in fetal brain development.
- Hormonal disruption: PFAS interfere with thyroid hormones, essential for brain growth and neural connectivity.
IMPACT
How PFAS Might Impact ADHD and Autism
PFAS and ADHD
Growing evidence links PFAS exposure to symptoms of ADHD, including:
- Hyperactivity and impulsivity.
- Difficulty focusing and regulating emotions.
Key studies highlight:
- Non-linear effects: Children exposed to low to moderate levels of PFAS during early development are more likely to exhibit ADHD symptoms.
- Mechanisms: PFAS may disrupt dopamine regulation, a neurotransmitter critical for attention and behaviour.
PFAS and Autism
Emerging research suggests that PFAS exposure could also contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
- Prenatal exposure: PFAS chemicals like PFOA and PFOS have been associated with changes in fetal brain development.
- Hormonal disruption: PFAS interfere with thyroid hormones, essential for brain growth and neural connectivity.
Females and PFAS
Why Are Females More Affected?
Higher ADHD and Autism Sensitivity
Research indicates that females with ADHD or Autism may be more sensitive to PFAS exposure:
- Hormonal interaction: PFAS are endocrine disruptors, meaning they can interfere with oestrogen and other hormones that regulate brain development.
- Non-linear effects: Studies show a stronger link between PFAS exposure and ADHD traits in girls than in boys.
Physical Health Risks in Females with ADHD/Autism
Females with ADHD and Autism are also more likely to experience co-occurring physical health conditions, such as:
- Autoimmune disorders like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.
- Gastrointestinal issues like IBS.
- Chronic pain and migraines.
PFAS exposure may exacerbate these issues through:
- Immune dysregulation, increasing inflammation.
- Oxidative stress, which can worsen chronic pain.
- Thyroid disruption, affecting metabolism and energy levels.
These overlapping challenges create a unique health burden for females, highlighting the importance of addressing both neurodevelopmental and physical health risks.
Cosmetics
The link to makeup and cosmetics
Why Are PFAS in Cosmetics?
PFAS are intentionally added to cosmetics for their waterproofing, long-lasting, and smoothing properties. These chemicals help products resist oil and water, making them popular in items like:
- Waterproof mascara
- Long-wear lipstick
- Foundations and other face makeup
In addition to being intentionally added, PFAS can end up in cosmetics unintentionally through:
- Impurities in raw materials.
- Breakdown of other ingredients over time.
How Prevalent Are PFAS in Makeup?
A study by the University of Notre Dame tested 231 makeup and personal care products in the U.S. and Canada and found:
- 82% of waterproof mascaras contained high levels of organic fluorine, an indicator of PFAS.
- 63% of foundations and 62% of liquid lipsticks also tested positive for PFAS.
- 58% of eyeshadows, eye creams, and eyeliners showed PFAS presence.
Despite these findings, manufacturers often fail to label PFAS in their ingredient lists. Some common PFAS ingredients to look out for include:
- Perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
- Perfluorodecalin
- Perfluorononyl dimethicone
- Perfluorohexane
Health Risks of PFAS in Cosmetics
PFAS exposure from cosmetics poses several health risks, particularly due to the prolonged use and application around sensitive areas like the eyes and lips. Risks include:
- Decreased immune function and reduced vaccine response.
- Hormonal disruptions affecting thyroid and reproductive health.
- Increased risk of cancers, including kidney, liver, and testicular cancer.
- Impaired fetal development and low birth weight during pregnancy.
- Fatty liver disease (steatosis), leading to scarring or fibrosis.
PFAS can enter the body through:
- Skin absorption.
- Tear ducts when applied around the eyes.
- Inhalation or ingestion, especially for lipsticks and powders.
Find PFAS-Free Products
Looking for safer, PFAS-free options for your cosmetics and other household products? Visit PFAS Central’s PFAS-Free Products List for a comprehensive guide to brands and items that prioritise your health and the environment.
IMPORTANCE
Why This Matters
Critical Periods of Development
The prenatal period and early childhood are critical windows for brain and body development. Exposure to PFAS during these stages can have long-lasting effects, potentially contributing to:
- Behavioural challenges like ADHD.
- Social and cognitive difficulties seen in Autism.
- Physical health problems that persist into adulthood.
Impact on Families and Society
ADHD and Autism already present significant challenges for families, including navigating education, healthcare, and social development. Adding physical health complications and the potential effects of PFAS exposure further strains resources, amplifying the societal burden of these conditions.
PREVENTION
What Can You Do to Reduce PFAS Exposure?
While it’s impossible to eliminate PFAS exposure entirely, there are steps you can take to minimise risks for your family:
Switch to Safer Cookware: Replace nonstick pans with stainless steel or cast iron alternatives.
Filter Your Water: Install reverse osmosis or activated carbon filters to reduce PFAS in drinking water.
Avoid Processed and Packaged Foods: Limit items in grease-resistant wrappers, such as fast food and microwave popcorn.
Choose PFAS-Free Products: Look for PFAS-free labels on cosmetics, clothing, and household items.
Eat at Home: Cooking meals at home reduces exposure to PFAS-laden takeout containers.
Check Labels: Avoid products containing PTFE or “perfluor” in the ingredient list.
GET INVOLVED
Advocacy and Policy
Addressing PFAS contamination requires collective action. Support organisations and policies that:
- Push for stricter regulations on PFAS in consumer goods.
- Fund research into safer alternatives and the long-term effects of PFAS exposure.
- Improve monitoring and cleanup efforts, particularly in vulnerable communities.
The UK government is already taking steps, including setting precautionary limits on PFAS in drinking water and monitoring contamination. However, stronger global cooperation is needed to fully address this pervasive issue.
CONCLUSION
In summary
The connection between PFAS, ADHD, Autism, and physical health issues underscores the urgent need for awareness and action. While we can’t eliminate these chemicals overnight, understanding their risks and taking steps to reduce exposure can make a difference for your family and future generations.
By staying informed and advocating for change, we can work towards a safer, healthier environment for everyone.
Dr. Raffi
Dr Asad Raffi is the Founder of Sanctum Healthcare, Medical Director and Lead Consultant Psychiatrist on the Specialist GMC register. As Medical Director Dr Raffi had over 20 years experience as a psychiatrist and brings a plethora of experience from the NHS and private sector.
References
Kim, J. I., et al. (2023). “Association between early-childhood exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and ADHD symptoms: A prospective cohort study.” Science of the Total Environment.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163081Skogheim, T. S., et al. (2021). “Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder in children.” Environmental Research.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111692Forns, J., et al. (2020). “Early life exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and ADHD: A meta-analysis of nine European population-based studies.” Environmental Health Perspectives.
DOI: 10.1289/EHP5444Vuong, A. M., et al. (2021). “Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and neurobehavior in US children through 8 years of age: The HOME study.” Environmental Research.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110825Currie, S. D., Wang, J., & Tang, L. (2024). “Impacts of PFAS exposure on neurodevelopment: A comprehensive literature review.” Environments.
DOI: 10.3390/environments11090188Thomas, L., et al. (2023). “Forever chemicals: Linking PFAS contamination to ADHD and Autism.” Science of the Total Environment.
Abrams, Z. (2024). “Longitudinal study links PFAS contamination with teas, processed meats and food packaging.” Keck School of Medicine of USC.
Clean Water Action. “10 Things You Can Do About Toxic PFAS Chemicals.”
URL: https://www.cleanwateraction.orgPFAS Central. “PFAS-Free Products.”
URL: https://pfascentral.org/pfas-free-products/Notre Dame Research. “PFAS in makeup: New studies uncover hidden risks.”
University of Notre Dame.BBC News (2023). “PFAS chemicals found in major cosmetics brands, including Urban Decay and Maybelline.”
Environmental Working Group (EWG). “PFAS in drinking water and their health risks.”
URL: https://www.ewg.orgU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “PFAS in Cosmetics: What You Need to Know.”
URL: https://www.fda.govDrinking Water Inspectorate (DWI). “Guidance on PFAS monitoring in England and Wales.”
URL: https://www.dwi.gov.ukEPA PFAS Strategic Roadmap (2021). “Addressing the risks of forever chemicals.”
URL: https://www.epa.gov/pfas
